The Property of a Key Amino Acid Determines the Function of Farnesyl Pyrophosphate Synthase in Sporobolomyces pararoseus NGR.

Farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase (FPPS) catalyzes the synthesis of C15 farnesyl diphosphate (FPP) from C5 dimethylallyl diphosphate (DMAPP) and two or three C5 isopentenyl diphosphates (IPPs). FPP is an important precursor for the synthesis of isoprenoids and is involved in multiple metabolic pathways. Here, farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase from Sporobolomyces pararoseus NGR (SpFPPS) was isolated and expressed by the prokaryotic expression system. The SpFPPS full-length genomic DNA and cDNA are 1566 bp and 1053 bp, respectively. This gene encodes a 350-amino acid protein with a predicted molecular mass of 40.33 kDa and a molecular weight of 58.03 kDa (40.33 kDa + 17.7 kDa), as detected by SDS-PAGE. The function of SpFPPS was identified by induction, purification, protein concentration and in vitro enzymatic activity experiments. Structural analysis showed that Y90 was essential for chain termination and changing the substrate scope. Site-directed mutation of Y90 to the smaller side-chain amino acids alanine (A) and lysine (K) showed in vitro that wt-SpFPPS catalyzed the condensation of the substrate DMAPP or geranyl diphosphate (GPP) with IPP at apparent saturation to synthesize FPP as the sole product and that the mutant protein SpFPPS-Y90A synthesized FPP and C20 geranylgeranyl diphosphate (GGPP), while SpFPPS-Y90K hydrolyzed the substrate GGPP. Our results showed that FPPS in S. pararoseus encodes the SpFPPS protein and that the amino acid substitution at Y90 changed the distribution of SpFPPS-catalyzed products. This provides a baseline for potentially regulating SpFPPS downstream products and improving the carotenoid biosynthesis pathway.

Correlation Between Cortical Thickness Abnormalities of the Olfactory Sulcus and Olfactory Identification Disorder and Persistent Auditory Verbal Hallucinations in Chinese Patients With Chronic Schizophrenia.

BACKGROUND AND HYPOTHESIS: Persistent auditory verbal hallucinations (pAVHs) and olfactory identification impairment are common in schizophrenia (SCZ), but the neuroimaging mechanisms underlying both pAVHs and olfactory identification impairment are unclear. This study aimed to investigate whether pAVHs and olfactory identification impairment in SCZ patients are associated with changes in cortical thickness. STUDY DESIGN: In this study, cortical thickness was investigated in 78 SCZ patients with pAVHs (pAVH group), 58 SCZ patients without AVHs (non-AVH group), and 83 healthy controls (HC group) using 3T magnetic resonance imaging. The severity of pAVHs was assessed by the Auditory Hallucination Rating Scale. Olfactory identification deficits were assessed using the Odor Stick Identification Test for Japanese (OSIT-J). In addition, the relationship between the severity of pAVHs and olfactory identification disorder and cortical thickness abnormalities was determined. STUDY RESULTS: Significant reductions in cortical thickness were observed in the right medial orbital sulcus (olfactory sulcus) and right orbital sulcus (H-shaped sulcus) in the pAVH group compared to both the non-AVH and HC groups (P < .003, Bonferroni correction). Furthermore, the severity of pAVHs was found to be negatively correlated with the reduction in cortical thickness in the olfactory sulcus and H-shaped sulcus. Additionally, a decrease in cortical thickness in the olfactory sulcus showed a positive correlation with the OSIT-J scores (P < .05, false discovery rate correction). CONCLUSIONS: Cortical thickness abnormalities in the olfactory sulcus may be a common neuroimaging mechanism for pAVHs and olfactory identification deficits in SCZ patients.

Habitat Suitability, Distribution Modelling and GAP Analysis of Przewalski's Gazelle Conservation.

Although the population of Przewalski's gazelle (Procapra przewalskii) has increased, this species is still threatened by a variety of risk factors, such as habitat loss and fragmentation, grassland fencing, grazing conflict, the segmentation of different populations, and declines in population genetic diversity. In order to determine the potential suitable habitat of Przewalski's gazelle and find a new suitable location for its conservation translocation, we used the MaxEnt model to predict the suitable habitats in Qinghai Province, Gansu Province, and the Ordos Plateau in Inner Mongolia and other regions with historical distribution records. On the basis of the MaxEnt model's prediction of the potential suitable habitat of Przewalski's gazelle, we used GAP analysis to determine the existing protection gaps and provide a new reference for the future protection of Przewalski's gazelle. We found that altitude, temperature, vegetation type, and distance from roads were the main environmental factors affecting the geographical distribution of Przewalski's gazelle. Most of the suitable habitat of Przewalski's gazelle is confined around Qinghai Lake. GAP analysis revealed that most of the suitable habitats of Przewalski's gazelle are not included in the established reserves, and Qinghai Lake National Nature Reserve only covers a small area around Qinghai Lake. The whole reserve only accounts for 7.11% of the area of the suitable habitat for Przewalski's gazelle and 15.79% of the area of the highly suitable habitat for Przewalski's gazelle. We suggest that conservation translocation for Przewalski's gazelle should be put on the agenda. It is necessary to consider reintroducing these gazelles into their potential suitable habitats as a feasible way of establishing new populations and saving this species.

Intrauterine transmission of SARS-CoV-2 to and prenatal ultrasound abnormal findings in the fetus of a pregnant woman with mild COVID-19.

BACKGROUND: Whether intrauterine transmission of COVID-19 occurs remains uncertain, and it remains unclear whether the disease affects fetuses. We present a case of intrauterine transmission of SARS-CoV-2 infection and the prenatal ultrasonographic findings of the fetus in a pregnant woman with mild COVID-19. CASE PRESENTATION: A 30-year-old woman was admitted to our hospital for ultrasound examination in January 2023 at 26+ 3 weeks' gestation. Twenty-one days prior, her COVID-19 nucleic acid test was positive, and she had mild symptoms, including fever (38.3 °C), headache, chills, ankle pain and cough. After receiving symptomatic treatment, she fully recovered. Prenatal ultrasound revealed that the placenta was diffusely distributed with punctate echogenic foci, hepatomegaly, and the volume of bilateral lungs decreased significantly, with enhanced echo. In addition, we found that the surface of the fetal brain demonstrated widened gyri with a flattened surface. The prenatal MRI confirmed these fetal abnormalities. Amniotic fluid was tested for SARS-CoV-2, and the sample tested was positive for the virus. After careful consideration, the pregnant woman decided to terminate the pregnancy. CONCLUSION: The intrauterine transmission of COVID-19 is certain. Moreover, the intrauterine transmission of COVID-19 may cause abnormalities in various organs of the fetus.

Glutamatergic basis of antipsychotic response in first-episode psychosis: a dual voxel study of the anterior cingulate cortex.

A subgroup of patients with schizophrenia is believed to have aberrant excess of glutamate in the frontal cortex; this subgroup is thought to show poor response to first-line antipsychotic treatments that focus on dopamine blockade. If we can identify this subgroup early in the course of illness, we can reduce the repeated use of first-line antipsychotics and potentially stratify first-episode patients to intervene early with second-line treatments such as clozapine. The use of proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS) to measure glutamate and Glx (glutamate plus glutamine) may provide a means for such a stratification. We must first establish if there is robust evidence linking elevations in anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) glutamate metabolites to poor response, and determine if the use of antipsychotics worsens the glutamatergic excess in eventual nonresponders. In this study, we estimated glutamate levels at baseline in 42 drug-naive patients with schizophrenia. We then treated them all with risperidone at a standard dose range of 2-6 mg/day and followed them up for 3 months to categorize their response status. We expected to see baseline "hyperglutamatergia" in nonresponders, and expected this to worsen over time at the follow-up. In line with our predictions, nonresponders had higher glutamate than responders, but patients as a group did not differ in glutamate and Glx from the healthy control (HC) group before treatment-onset (F1,79 = 3.20, p = 0.046, partial η2 = 0.075). Glutamatergic metabolites did not change significantly over time in both nonresponders and responders over the 3 months of antipsychotic exposure (F1,31 = 1.26, p = 0.270, partial η2 = 0.039). We conclude that the use of antipsychotics without prior knowledge of later response delays symptom relief in a subgroup of first-episode patients, but does not worsen the glutamatergic excess seen at the baseline. Given the current practice of nonstratified use of antipsychotics, longer-time follow-up MRS studies are required to see if improvement in symptoms accompanies a dynamic shift in glutamate profile.

Diabetes mellitus promotes susceptibility to periodontitis-novel insight into the molecular mechanisms.

Diabetes mellitus is a main risk factor for periodontitis, but until now, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain unclear. Diabetes can increase the pathogenicity of the periodontal microbiota and the inflammatory/host immune response of the periodontium. Hyperglycemia induces reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and enhances oxidative stress (OS), exacerbating periodontal tissue destruction. Furthermore, the alveolar bone resorption damage and the epigenetic changes in periodontal tissue induced by diabetes may also contribute to periodontitis. We will review the latest clinical data on the evidence of diabetes promoting the susceptibility of periodontitis from epidemiological, molecular mechanistic, and potential therapeutic targets and discuss the possible molecular mechanistic targets, focusing in particular on novel data on inflammatory/host immune response and OS. Understanding the intertwined pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus and periodontitis can explain the cross-interference between endocrine metabolic and inflammatory diseases better, provide a theoretical basis for new systemic holistic treatment, and promote interprofessional collaboration between endocrine physicians and dentists.

A Versatile Disorder-to-Order Technology to Upgrade Polymers into High-Performance Bioinspired Materials.

Biodegradable polymer as traditional material has been widely used in the medical and tissue engineering fields, but there is a great limitation as to its inferior mechanical performance for repairing load-bearing tissues. Thus, it is highly desirable to develop a novel technology to fabricate high-performance biodegradable polymers. Herein, inspired by the bone's superstructure, a versatile disorder-to-order technology (VDOT) is proposed to manufacture a high-strength and high-elastic modulus stereo-composite self-reinforced polymer fiber. The mean tensile strength (336.1 MPa) and elastic modulus (4.1 GPa) of the self-reinforced polylactic acid (PLA) fiber are 5.2 and 2.1 times their counterparts of the traditional PLA fiber prepared by the existing spinning method. Moreover, the polymer fibers have the best ability of strength retention during degradation. Interestingly, the fiber tensile strength is even higher than those of bone (200 MPa) and some medical metals (e.g., Al and Mg). Based on all-polymeric raw materials, the VDOT endows bioinspired polymers with improved strength, elastic modulus, and degradation-controlled mechanical maintenance, making it a versatile update technology for the massive industrial production of high-performance biomedical polymers.

A novel KRIT1/CCM1 mutation accompanied by a NOTCH3 mutation in a Chinese family with multiple cerebral cavernous malformations.

Family cerebral cavernous malformations (FCCMs) are mainly inherited through the mutation of classical CCM genes, including CCM1/KRIT1, CCM2/MGC4607, and CCM3/PDCD10. FCCMs can cause severe clinical symptoms, including epileptic seizures, intracranial hemorrhage (ICH), or functional neurological deficits (FNDs). In this study, we reported a novel mutation in KRIT1 accompanied by a NOTCH3 mutation in a Chinese family. This family consists of 8 members, 4 of whom had been diagnosed with CCMs using cerebral MRI (T1WI, T2WI, SWI). The proband (II-2) and her daughter (III-4) had intracerebral hemorrhage and refractory epilepsy, respectively. Based on whole-exome sequencing (WES) data and bioinformatics analysis from 4 patients with multiple CCMs and 2 normal first-degree relatives, a novel KRIT1 mutation, NG_012964.1 (NM_194456.1): c.1255-1G > T (splice-3), in intron 13 was considered a pathogenic gene in this family. Furthermore, based on 2 severe and 2 mild CCM patients, we found an SNV missense mutation, NG_009819.1 (NM_000435.2): c.1630C > T (p.R544C), in NOTCH3. Finally, the KRIT1 and NOTCH3 mutations were validated in 8 members using Sanger sequencing. This study revealed a novel KRIT1 mutation, NG_012964.1 (NM_194456.1): c.1255-1G > T (splice-3), in a Chinese CCM family, which had not been reported previously. Moreover, the NOTCH3 mutation NG_009819.1 (NM_000435.2): c.1630C > T (p.R544C) might be a second hit and associated with the progression of CCM lesions and severe clinical symptoms.

Neuronal dysfunction in individuals at early stage of schizophrenia, A resting-state fMRI study.

Schizophrenia has been associated with abnormal intrinsic brain activity, involving various cognitive impairments. Qualitatively similar abnormalities are seen in individuals at ultra-high risk (UHR) for psychosis. In this study, resting-state fMRI (rs-fMRI) data were collected from 44 drug-naïve first-episode schizophrenia (Dn-FES) patients, 48 UHR individuals, and 40 healthy controls (HCs). The fractional amplitude of low-frequency fluctuations (fALFF), regional homogeneity (ReHo), and functional connectivity (FC), were performed to evaluate resting brain function. A support vector machine (SVM) was applied for classification analysis. Compared to HCs, both clinical groups showed increased fALFF in the central executive network (CEN), decreased ReHo in the ventral visual pathway (VVP) and decreased FC in temporal-sensorimotor regions. Excellent performance was achieved by using fALFF value in distinguishing both FES (sensitivity=83.21%, specificity=80.58%, accuracy=81.37%, p=0.009) and UHR (sensitivity=75.88%, specificity=85.72%, accuracy=80.72%, p<0.001) from HC group. Moreover, the study highlighted the importance of frontal and temporal alteration in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia. However, no fMRI features were observed that could well distinguish Dn-FES from UHR group. To conclude, fALFF in the CEN may provide potential power for identifying individuals at the early stage of schizophrenia and the alteration in the frontal and temporal lobe may be important to these individuals.

Correlation between abnormal N-acetyl-aspartate levels in posterior cingulate cortex and persistent auditory verbal hallucinations in Chinese patients with chronic schizophrenia.

The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between persistent auditory verbal hallucinations (pAVHs) and N-acetyl-aspartate (NAA) levels in posterior cingulate cortex (PCC). 117 schizophrenia (SCZ) patients (61 pAVHs and 56 non-AVHs) and 66 healthy controls were included. The P3 item of the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale and the Auditory Hallucinations subscale of the Psychotic Symptom Rating Scale were used to assess the severity of pAVHs. NAA levels were significantly lower in the AVHs group, and were negatively correlated with pAVHs. Therefore, increasing the NAA levels in PCC may be helpful in treating pAVHs.

Functional verification and characterization of a type-III geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase gene from Sporobolomyces pararoseus NGR.

Carotenoids, a group of natural pigments, have strong antioxidant properties and act as precursors to vitamin A, which have garnered attention from industry and researchers. Sporobolomyces pararoseus represents a hyper-producer of carotenoids, mainly including ß-carotene, torulene, and torularhodin. Geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase (GGPPS) is regarded as a key enzyme in the carotenoid biosynthesis pathway. However, the precise nature of the gene encoding GGPPS in S. pararoseus has not been reported yet. Here, we cloned a cDNA copy of the GGPPS protein-encoding gene crtE from S. pararoseus NGR. The crtE full-length genomic DNA and cDNA are 1,722 and 1,134 bp, respectively, which consist of 9 exons and 8 introns. This gene encodes 377 amino acids protein with a predicted molecular mass of 42.59 kDa and a PI of 5.66. Identification of the crtE gene encoding a functional GGPPS was performed using heterologous complementation detection in Escherichia coli. In vitro enzymatic activity experiments showed that CrtE utilized farnesyl diphosphate (FPP) as an allylic substrate for the condensation reaction with isopentenyl diphosphate (IPP), generating more of the unique product GGPP compared to other allylic substrates. The predicted CrtE 3D-model was analyzed in comparison with yeast GGPPS. The condensation reaction occurs in the cavity of the subunit, and three bulky amino acids (Tyr110, Phe111, and His141) below the cavity prevent further extension of the product. Our findings provide a new source of genes for carotenoid genetic engineering.

Effects of Valley Topography on Acoustic Communication in Birds: Why Do Birds Avoid Deep Valleys in Daqinggou Nature Reserve?

To investigate the effects of valley topography on the acoustic transmission of avian vocalisations, we carried out playback experiments in Daqinggou valley, Inner Mongolia, China. During the experiments, we recorded the vocalisations of five avian species, the large-billed crow (Corvus macrorhynchos Wagler, 1827), common cuckoo (Cuculus canorus Linnaeus, 1758), Eurasian magpie (Pica pica Linnaeus, 1758), Eurasian tree sparrow (Passer montanus Linnaeus, 1758), and meadow bunting (Emberiza cioides Brand, 1843), at transmission distances of 30 m and 50 m in the upper and lower parts of the valley and analysed the intensity, the fundamental frequency (F0), and the first three formant frequencies (F1/F2/F3) of the sounds. We also investigated bird species diversity in the upper and lower valley. We found that: (1) at the distance of 30 m, there were significant differences in F0/F1/F2/F3 in Eurasian magpies, significant differences in F1/F2/F3 in the meadow bunting and Eurasian tree sparrow, and partially significant differences in sound frequency between the upper and lower valley in the other two species; (2) at the distance of 50 m, there were significant differences in F0/F1/F2/F3 in two avian species (large-billed crow and common cuckoo) between the upper and lower valley and partially significant differences in sound frequency between the upper and lower valley in the other three species; (2) there were significant differences in the acoustic intensities of crow, cuckoo, magpie, and bunting calls between the upper and lower valley. (3) Species number and richness were significantly higher in the upper valley than in the lower valley. We suggested that the structure of valley habitats may lead to the breakdown of acoustic signals and communication in birds to varying degrees. The effect of valley topography on acoustic communication could be one reason for animal species avoiding deep valleys.

Alteration of a brain network with stable and strong functional connections in subjects with schizophrenia.

It is widely accepted that there are some common network patterns in the human brain. However, the existence of stable and strong functional connections in the human brain and whether they change in schizophrenia is still a question. By setting 1% connections with the smallest coefficient of variation, we found a widespread brain functional network (frame network) in healthy people(n = 380, two datasets from public databases). We then explored the alterations in a medicated group (60 subjects with schizophrenia vs 71 matched controls) and a drug-naive first-episode group (68 subjects with schizophrenia vs 45 matched controls). A linear support vector classifier (SVC) was constructed to distinguish patients and controls using the medicated patients' frame network. We found most frame connections of healthy people had high strength, which were symmetrical and connected the left and right hemispheres. Conversely, significant differences in frame connections were observed in both patient groups, which were positively correlated with negative symptoms (mainly language dysfunction). Additionally, patients' frame network were more left-lateralized, concentrating on the left frontal lobe, and was quite accurate at distinguishing medicated patients from controls (classifier accuracy was 78.63%, sensitivity was 86.67%, specificity was 76.06%, and the area under the curve (AUC) was 0.83). Furthermore, the results were repeated in the drug-naive set (accuracy was 84.96%, sensitivity was 85.29%, specificity was 88.89%, and AUC was 0.93). These findings indicate that the abnormal pattern of frame network in subjects with schizophrenia might provide new insights into the dysconnectivity in schizophrenia.

Bird Beta Diversity in Sharp Contrasting Altai Landscapes: Locality Connectivity Is the Influential Factor on Community Composition.

Located on the southwest slope and plain areas of the Altai Mountains in China, this study aims to explore bird composition variation (beta diversity) in mountain landscape (metacommunity M), riparian landscape (metacommunity R), desert landscape (metacommunity D) and across the three landscapes (metacommunity A), and to assess how patch connectivity with environmental and spatial factors influence species distributional patterns across multiple metacommunities. In 78 transect lines over the study area, 9724 detections of 139 bird species were detected. We calculated the beta diversity, its turnover and nestedness components in four metacommunities. We used the variation partitioning method to investigate the relative importance between the environment, spatial variation and locality connectivity in driving bird community composition variation. We found high beta diversities with a small contribution of nestedness components in all four metacommunities. When only a single set of predictors is contained in the model, the predictor that best explains the variation of bird community composition is connectivity in metacommunity M, R and D and spatial predictor in metacommunity A. In all three sets of predictors, 73.8~85.4% of variations of community composition can be explained in the four metacommunities, and connectivity always contributed the most. High beta diversity and a high turnover component imply that regional-scale conservation efforts should be thought of as preserving overall biodiversity. A conservation strategy is to keep stepping-stone habitats with good connectivity in the middle of the riparian landscape. Along with the Altai-Sayan biodiversity ecoregion, the desert and riparian environments are essential for birds residing in the mountainous terrain. Furthermore, they should be regarded as integral parts of the ecoregion.

Abnormal Brain Network Interaction Associated With Positive Symptoms in Drug-Naive Patients With First-Episode Schizophrenia.

Positive symptoms are marked features of schizophrenia, and emerging evidence has suggested that abnormalities of the brain network underlying these symptoms may play a crucial role in the pathophysiology of the disease. We constructed two brain functional networks based on the positive and negative correlations between positive symptom scores and brain connectivity in drug-naive patients with first-episode schizophrenia (FES, n = 45) by using a machine-learning approach (connectome-based predictive modeling, CPM). The accuracy of the model was r = 0.47 (p = 0.002). The positively and negatively associated network strengths were then compared among FES subjects, individuals at genetic high risk (GHR, n = 41) for schizophrenia, and healthy controls (HCs, n = 48). The results indicated that the positively associated network contained more cross-subnetwork connections (96.02% of 176 edges), with a focus on the default-mode network (DMN)-salience network (SN) and the DMN-frontoparietal task control (FPT) network. The negatively associated network had fewer cross-subnetwork connections (71.79% of 117 edges) and focused on the sensory/somatomotor hand (SMH)-Cingulo opercular task control (COTC) network, the DMN, and the visual network with significantly decreased connectivity in the COTC-SMH network in FES (FES < GHR, p = 0.01; FES < HC, p = 0.01). Additionally, the connectivity strengths of the right supplementary motor area (SMA) (p < 0.001) and the right precentral gyrus (p < 0.0001) were reduced in FES. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to generate two brain networks associated with positive symptoms by utilizing CPM in FES. Abnormal segregation, interactions of brain subnetworks, and impaired SMA might lead to salience attribution abnormalities and, thus, as a result, induce positive symptoms in schizophrenia.

Differences in Cortical Thickness in Schizophrenia Patients With and Without Auditory Verbal Hallucinations.

Auditory verbal hallucinations (AVHs) are one of the most common and severe symptoms of schizophrenia (SCZ), but the neuroanatomical mechanisms underlying AVHs remain unclear. This study aimed to investigate whether persistent AVHs (pAVH) are associated with cortical thinning of certain brain regions in patients with SCZ. With the use of the 3T magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) technology, we acquired and analyzed data from 79 SCZ patients with pAVH (pAVH group), 60 SCZ patients without AVHs (non-AVH group), and 83 healthy controls (HC group). The severity of pAVH was assessed by the P3 hallucination items in the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) and the Auditory Hallucinations Rating Scale (AHRS). Cortical thickness analysis was used to compare the region of interest (ROI) cortical thickness between the groups. The relationship between the severity of pAVH and cortical thickness was also explored. Compared with the non-AVH and HC groups, the pAVH group exhibited significantly reduced cortical thickness in the bilateral lateral orbitofrontal region (p < 0.0007, after Bonferroni correction); no significant difference was found between the non-AVH group and the HC group. The cortical thickness of the left lateral orbitofrontal cortex (P3: r = -0.44, p < 0.001; AHRS: r = -0.45, p < 0.001) and the right lateral orbitofrontal cortex (P3: r = -0.36, p = 0.002; AHRS: r = -0.33, p = 0.004) were negatively correlated with the severity of pAVH (after Bonferroni correction, p < 0.0125). Therefore, abnormal thickness of the bilateral lateral orbitofrontal cortices might be associated with pAVHs in SCZ patients.

Metabolite differences in the medial prefrontal cortex in schizophrenia patients with and without persistent auditory verbal hallucinations: a 1H MRS study.

Studies of schizophrenia (SCZ) have associated auditory verbal hallucinations (AVH) with structural and functional abnormalities in frontal cortex, especially medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC). Although abnormal prefrontal network connectivity associated with language production has been studied extensively, the relationship between mPFC dysfunction (highly relevant to the pathophysiology of SCZ) and AVH has been rarely investigated. In this study, proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy was used to measure metabolite levels in the mPFC in 61 SCZ patients with persistent AVH (pAVH), 53 SCZ patients without AVH (non-AVH), and 59 healthy controls (HC). The pAVH group showed significantly lower levels of N-acetyl-aspartate + N-acetyl-aspartyl-glutamate (tNAA) and glutamate + glutamine (Glx), compared with the non-AVH (tNAA: p = 0.022, Glx: p = 0.012) and HC (tNAA: p = 0.001, Glx: p = 0.001) groups. No difference was found in the levels of tNAA and Glx between non-AVH and HC. The levels of tNAA and Glx in the mPFC was negatively correlated with the severity of pAVH (tNAA: r = -0.24, p = 0.014; Glx: r = -0.30, p = 0.002). In conclusion, pAVH in SCZ patients might be related to decreased levels of tNAA and Glx in the mPFC, indicating that tNAA or Glx might play a key role in the pathogenesis of pAVH.

Glioblastoma vaccine tumor therapy research progress.

Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common primary malignancy of the central nervous system in adults. The prognosis for late-stage glioblastoma (World Health Organization grade IV astrocytic glioma) is very poor. Novel treatment options are sought after and evaluated by clinicians and researchers, and remarkable advances have been made in surgical techniques, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy. However, the treatment of glioblastoma remains extremely difficult and it can extend the lives of patients by only a few months. There has been notable progress in the field of immunotherapy, particularly with the use of tumor vaccines, for treating glioblastoma; especially peptide vaccines and cell-based vaccines such as dendritic cell vaccines and tumor cell vaccines. However, the results of the current clinical trials for vaccination are not satisfactory. This article reviews the progress in the development of vaccines for glioblastoma.

IL-17 and TNF-ß: Predictive biomarkers for transition to psychosis in ultra-high risk individuals.

Background: Dysregulation of immunity, such as levels of inflammatory factors, has been regarded as a sign of schizophrenia. Changes in cytokine levels are not only described in the early onset of disease, but also observed in ultra-high risk (UHR) individuals. This study aimed to investigate the potential of cytokines as biomarkers for psychotic disorders and in individuals at UHR of developing a psychotic disorder in the future. Methods: The Luminex liquid chip technology was used to detect the concentrations of Interferon-gamma (INF-γ), Interleukin (IL)-2, Interleukin (IL)-4, Interleukin (IL)-6, Interleukin (IL)-17, Interleukin-1beta (IL-1ß), and Tumor Necrosis Factor-beta (TNF-ß) in the plasma of all subjects. Meanwhile, the plasma level of Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha (TNF-α) was measured with the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits. Then, the levels of these cytokines were compared among patients with Drug-naïve first-episode schizophrenia (FES; n = 40), UHR population (UHR; n = 49), and healthy controls (HCs; n = 30). Baseline cytokine levels were compared among UHR individuals who later transitioned (UHR-T; n = 14), those who did not transition (UHR-NT; n = 35), and HCs (n = 30). Results: Our analysis results showed that IL-1ß levels were significantly higher in UHR group than HC group (p = 0.015). Meanwhile, TNF-α concentration was significantly increased in FES group compared with HC group (p = 0.027). IL-17 (p = 0.04) and TNF-ß (p = 0.008) levels were significantly higher in UHR-T group compared with UHR-NT group. Conclusion: In conclusion, our findings suggest that the immuno-inflammatory activation level is increased in the early stage of psychosis before psychotic conversion and the Drug-naïve FES. IL-1ß and TNF-α are the representatives of the specific biomarkers for UHR and FES, respectively. IL-17 and TNF-ß may be the potential selective predictive biomarkers for future transition in UHR individuals.